The Status and Occurrence of the Brambling (Fringilla montifringilla) in British Columbia. By Rick Toochin and Don Cecile. Revised: January 8, 2025.

 

The Brambling (Fringilla montifringilla) is a beautiful Old World finch that is found breeding throughout the northern open coniferous and woodland forests from Scandinavia through Russia to the Russian Far East across the Yakutia, Chukotka, south through Koryakia, Kamchatka, the Sea of Okhotsk, south to Amurland and Sakhalin Island (Brazil 2009, Mullarney and Zetterstrom 2009).  Bramblings are a highly migratory species that migrate in the spring in April and in the fall in October (Jonsson 1992, Mullarney and Zetterstrom 2009). Bramblings have a vast winter range from southern Europe, to North Africa, to northern India, into northern Pakistan, throughout China and Japan (Beadle and Rising 2006). The Brambling is a rare species in the winter in Taiwan (Beadle and Rising 2006). 

 

In Europe Bramblings form large flocks in the winter that can sometimes number in the thousands or even millions of birds in a single flock (Jonsson 1992, Mullarney and Zetterstrom 2009). Such large gatherings occur, especially if beech mast is abundant (Jonsson 1992, Mullarney and Zetterstrom 2009). Bramblings do not require beech mast in the winter, but winter flocks of Bramblings will move until they find it as this is a favourite food (Jonsson 1992, Mullarney and Zetterstrom 2009). This may be an adaptation to avoid competition with the similar Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs) in Europe (Jonsson 1992, Mullarney and Zetterstrom 2009). Bramblings mostly eat seeds, but unlike most finches, their young are fed largely on insects (Jonsson 1992, Mullarney and Zetterstrom 2009). 

 

In North America, the Brambling is an uncommon to rare regular occurring species in the spring, and rarer in the fall in the western and central Aleutian Islands, the Pribilof Islands and St. Lawrence Island in Alaska (Roberson 1980, West 2008). They have bred once on Attu Island in the Aleutian Islands of Alaska in 1996 (Dunn and Alderfer 2011). Bramblings are considered a casually occurring species in the rest of Alaska with a few records of birds wintering in south coastal and southeastern Alaska in places like Kodiak, Homer and Eagle River (West 2008). In British Columbia, the Brambling is a rare but regular winter visitor with over 100 Provincial records (Toochin et al. 2013, Please see Table 1). The vast majority of the observations come from Haida Gwaii (Toochin et al. 2013, Please see Table 1). Further south along the west coast records become scarcer. In Washington there are only fourteen accepted records by the Washington Bird Records Committee (Wahl et al. 2005, WBRC 2012). In Oregon there are only thirteen accepted records by the Oregon Bird Records Committee (OFO 2012). In California there are only five accepted records by the California Bird Records Committee (Hamilton et al. 2007). In the rest of North America, Bramblings have occurred in almost all of the Canadian Provinces, the Yukon and from many of the northern states in the United States (Godfrey 1986, Sibley 2000, Beadle and Rising 2006).

 

The identification of all plumages of Brambling is fairly straight-forward as this species is covered in all standard North American field guides. Breeding plumage is acquired by feather wear, and occurs in the months of March and April (Beadle and Rising 2006, Mullarney and Zetterstrom 2009). In breeding plumage the adult male has a black head, face, bill and back (Jonsson 1992, Mullarney and Zetterstrom 2009). The throat, breast and shoulder in the wing are orange in colour (Sibley 2000, Dunn and Alderfer 2011). The wings are black with two white wing bars and light edges to the primaries and brown edges to the tertial feathers (Jonsson 1992, Sibley 2000). On the underside of the wings, Bramblings have white axillaries with dark secondaries and primary feathers (Sibley 2000).  The lower belly is white which extends to the undertail coverts (Mullarney and Zetterstrom 2009). Along the flanks is an orange wash with large black spots (Jonsson 1992). The legs are a fleshy pale colour (Jonsson 1992). An important field mark is the white rump bordered by dark uppertail coverts (Mullarney and Zetterstrom 2009). The upper side of the tail is dark with the underside of the tail mostly white (Sibley 2000, Mullarney and Zetterstrom 2009). The tail is fairly short in length and notched at the tip (Brazil 2009). In winter plumage, the adult male’s bill turns yellow with a black tip (Larsson 1992). The forehead, crown, and sides of the nape are grayish buff with the center of the nape a grayish buff colour (Beadle and Rising 2006). The back, mantle and scapulars are coloured similar to the head, but have more black edges visible (Beadle and Rising 2006). The females in breeding and winter plumage have a gray-brown head with black on the forehead and the nape (Jonsson 1992, Mullarney and Zetterstrom 2009). The back and mantle are mottled brown with some black edges to the feathers (Beadle and Rising 2006). The shoulder is orange and there are two wing bars (Jonsson 1992). The upper wing bar is white and the lower wing bar is orange (Jonsson 1992, Mullarney and Zetterstrom 2009). The rest of the wing is brownish-black- coloured with light brownish edges to the tertials and light edges to the secondaries and primary feathers (Jonsson 1992, Mullarney and Zetterstrom 2009). The bill is mostly dark at the tip with a pale yellowish base (Jonsson 1992, Mullarney and Zetterstrom 2009). The throat and chest are orange with the orange extending down the flanks where there are also dark spots (Jonsson 1992, Mullarney and Zetterstrom 2009). The belly is white extending to the undertail coverts (Jonsson 1992, Mullarney and Zetterstrom 2009). The legs and feet are a fleshy pinkish colour (Jonsson 1992). The tail is the same as the male (Jonsson 1992, Brazil 2009). The rump is also white-bordered with dark uppertail covert feathers (Jonsson 1992, Mullarney and Zetterstrom 2009). First winter birds are similar to adult females, but duller with pale center to their crown (Beadle and Rising 2006). The flight call is a nasal “check-check-check”, but can also be a nasal “zwee” call note as well (Dunn and Alderfer 2011).

The Brambling has been reported over 100 times from all over British Columbia from the coastal regions to the interior parts of the Province (Toochin and Cecile 2024, See Table 1). Out of the one hundred and eight records that have been recorded for the Province, twenty-seven records have been found in the Haida Gwaii (Toochin et al. 2013, Please see Table 1). This is the highest total of any one single area for the entire Province. Bramblings have been found at almost every month of the year on Haida Gwaii, including a flock of three birds that stayed in the town of Masset from November 3, 1993, to July 30, 1993 (P. Hamel Pers. Comm.) This makes the Brambling a rare but regular species only on Haida Gwaii which is an anomaly in the rest of Canada (Godfrey 1986, Toochin et al. 2013, Please see Table 1). The pattern of vagrancy shown by the Brambling in British Columbia follows the timing of migration in Europe and Asia which has birds moving in the months of late March through April and October through November (Mullarney and Zetterstrom 2009). Almost all the records of Brambling in British Columbia occur between the dates October 4, and April 26, with the highest numbers occurring in the months of November and December (Toochin et al. 2013, Please see Table 1). There are four records from the month of September with 3 from the coast and 1 from the interior (Toochin et al. 2013, Please see Table 1). There is also, from Masset, Haida Gwaii, one May-July record (Toochin et al. 2013, Please see Table 1). All of these dates are very unusual and are outside the established time frame shown by all the late fall and winter records for British Columbia (Toochin et al. 2013, Please see Table 1). It is interesting to note that there are twenty-five interior records for the Province with Vernon and Revelstoke have the bulk of the records over many different years (Toochin et al. 2013, Please see Table 1). Bramblings have been found all over Vancouver Island with twenty records (Toochin et al. 2013, Please see Table 1). The Vancouver area has had thirteen records from all over the region, as well as five records from the Fraser Valley (Toochin et al. 2013, Please see Table 1). There is also a few records from the Sunshine coast to Powell River (Please see Table 1).  Bramblings are most often found coming to bird feeders either in the company of Dark-eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis) or on their own (Beadle and Rising 2006). The records of Bramblings also follow a pattern of eruptive years where the species is found in many different locations across British Columbia during the same winter period. The winters in the past when this has happened are 1983-1984, 1990-1991, 1998-1999 and 2005-2006,  the winter of 2012-2013 being the most recent big invasion (Toochin et al. 2013, Please see Table 1). Often during these big eruptive years, Bramblings are also seen down the west coast from Washington to Oregon with birds sometimes found in California (Wahl et al. 2005, Hamilton et al. 2007, OFO 2012, WBRC 2012). The Brambling is a species that is possible anywhere in British Columbia in the winter period and should be watched for by both serious observers and feeder watchers across the Province. With the increased frequency of reported sightings of Brambling throughout British Columbia, there is a good chance that anyone could see this beautiful finch at their bird feeders in the future. 

1.(1) female February 7-early March, 1971: John & Jennifer Davies (BC Photo 219) Tlell, Haida Gwaii (Campbell 1974b, Roberson 1980)

2.(1) adult male November 7-9, 1971: Jack Husted, mobs (BC Photo 192) RMBS, Ladner (Campbell et al. 1972b, Campbell 1974b)

3.(1) female February 5, 1972: Francois & Dorothy Richardson, Linda Carter: Tlell, Haida Gwaii (Campbell 1974b, Roberson 1980)

4.(1) winter plumage November 9, 1972: Rob Cannings (photo) Tlell, Haida Gwaii (R.A. Cannings 1975)

5.(1) winter plumage November 8, 1981: Ross & Elaine MacDonald (specimen) Cape St. James, Haida Gwaii (Toochin and Cecile 2014b)

6.(2) adult male & female November 20, 1983-Jan 22, 1984: Mary Morris, mobs: Queen Charlotte City, Haida Gwaii (Toochin and Cecile 2014b)

7.(1) winter plumage November 20, 1983: Keith Taylor, mobs (BC Photo 909) 1909 Billings Rd., Sooke (Campbell 1984b, Campbell et al. 2001)

8.(1) winter plumage December 4-6, 1983: fide Rick Howie: Kamloops (Rogers 1984a, Campbell et al. 2001)

9.(1) adult female January 19-February 25, 1984: Jack Husted, mobs: 2540 W. 45th Ave., Vancouver (Mattocks 1984) 

10.(1) adult female January 21-28, 1984: Craig Runyan, mobs: Central Ave., Ladner (Mattocks 1984)

11.(1) winter plumage February 8, 1984: Campbell River (Campbell 1984b, Campbell et al. 2001)  

12.(1) adult male February 12, 1984: Mike Price: 3672 W. 1st Ave, Vancouver (Toochin 2012a)

13.(1) winter plumage March 1, 1984: (BC Photo 903) Tofino (Campbell et al. 2001)

14.(1) winter plumage March 22-25, 1984: Rory Paterson, and other observers (photo) Chesterman’s Beach (Campbell et al. 2001)

15.(1) winter plumage October 29-November 4, 1984: Langdale, Sunshine Coast (Hunn and Mattocks 1985, Campbell et al. 2001)

16.(1) winter plumage November 28, 1985: Parksville (Campbell et al. 2001)  

17.(1) winter plumage December 19, 1985: Parksville (Campbell et al. 2001)  

18.(1) winter plumage December 26, 1985-January 10, 1986: Phil Ranson, mobs (BC Photo 1101) Scotch Creek, Shuswap (Rogers 1986, Campbell et al. 2001)

19.(1) adult April 3, 1986: Mary Morris: Sandspit, Haida Gwaii (Toochin and Cecile 2014b)

20.(1) winter plumage March 7-30, 1987: Sandi Rathbone (BC Photo 1188) Scotch Creek, Chase (Rogers 1987, Campbell et al. 2001)

21.(1) February 2 & 12, 1989: fide Phil Ranson (photo) Vernon (Rogers 1989)

22.(1) adult male November 5, 1989-March 5, 1990: Mary Morris, Margo Hearne, Peter Hamel (specimen: killed by cat) Queen Charlotte City, Haida Gwaii (Toochin and Cecile 2014b)

23.(2) adults December 27, 1989- late March 1990: Doug Powell: Revelstoke (Siddle 1990)

24.(1) adult male December 10-11, 1990: Rick Toochin, Shirley Dorsey: Sea Island, Cora Brown Subdivision, Richmond (Toochin 2012a)

25.(1) winter plumage December 12, 1990-February 10, 1991: J. & B. Holt, and other observers: (photo) North Saanich (Siddle 1991b, Campbell et al. 2001)

26.(1) winter plumage December 15, 1990 –February 26, 1991: B. Irwin, and other observers: Colwood (Siddle 1991b, Campbell et al. 2001)  

27.(1) adult female January 6, 1991: Patrick Oswald, Hilary Oswald (photo) 4300 Block Staulo Crescent, Vancouver (Dorsey 1996a, Toochin 2012a)

28.(1) unknown age January 23-26, 1991: Mr. and Mrs. J.A. Delter, and other observers: Hamsterley Road, Saanich, Victoria (Campbell 1991a, Siddle 1991b)

29.(1) winter plumage October 17, 1991: Margo Hearne, Peter Hamel, and other observers: Delkatla Wildlife Sanctuary, Masset, Haida Gwaii (Siddle 1992a)

30.(1) winter plumage October 25-November 6, 1991: Wineglass Ranch, Chilcotin River (Riske Creek)(Campbell et al. 2001)

31.(1) female November 23-26, 1991: Revelstoke (Siddle 1992a, Campbell et al. 2001)

32.(1) female December 12, 1991– February 18, 1992: Linda van Damme (dead: window strike) Nelson (Siddle 1992)

33.(1) adult female December 31, 1991-February 4, 1992: Mary Taitt, and other observers (photo) Alasken Wildlife Refuge, Ladner (Siddle 1992b, Dorsey 1996b, Toochin 2012a)

34.(5) various ages March 10, 1992: Mike Bentley, Margo Hearne: Sandspit, Haida Gwaii (Toochin and Cecile 2014b)

     (1)  adult March 16, 1992: Mike Bentley, Margo Hearne: Sandspit, Haida Gwaii (Toochin and Cecile 2014b)

35.(1) adult April 10-22, 1992: Kitimat (Campbell et al. 2001)

36.(1) winter plumage December 14, 1992: near Alkali Lake, Cariboo (Campbell et al. 2001)

37.(3) adults November 3, 1993-July 30, 1994: Pat & Phil Parish, Margo Hearne, Peter Hamel, and other observers: Masset, Haida Gwaii (Toochin and Cecile 2014b) 

38.(1) fall plumage September 4, 1994: Judy Warne: Valemount (Bowling 1995a, Davidson 1995)

39.(1) winter plumage November 20, 1995: Peter Hamel: Delkatla Wildlife Sanctuary, Masset, Haida Gwaii (Toochin and Cecile 2014b)

40.(1) winter plumage December 16, 1995: E. Nygren, Neil Dawes:  Little Qualicum River, Parksville (Bain and Holder 1995a)

41.(1) male December 17, 1995: Doug Powell (photo) Revelstoke (Bain and Holder 1995a, Bowling 1996b)

42.(1) adult male December 10, 1996-April 6, 1997: Oakley, Dyer, Betsy Williams, Margo Hearne, Peter Hamel: Masset, Haida Gwaii (Toochin and Cecile 2014b)

42.(1) female January 3-16, 1998: V. Geist, Don Cecile, mobs: 10 km west of Port Alberni (O’Shaughnessy 1998a, Bowling 1998b)

43.(1) winter plumage October 28-November 1, 1998: Rory Paterson, and other observers (photo) Tofino (Shepard 1999b) 

44.(1) adult October 29-November 3, 1998: JW, AR, and other observers: Williams Lake (Shepard 1999b)

     (1) adult November 3, 1998: JW, AR,  and other observers: Williams Lake (Shepard 1999b) 

45.(1) adult November 1, 1998: fide Robin Weber: Ridley Island (second bird joined bird above) (Shepard 1999b)

46.(1) adult November 1, 1998: Margo Hearne & Peter Hamel: Entry Point, Haida Gwaii (Toochin and Cecile 2014b)

47.(1) winter plumage November 12, 1998: Myers Lake, south of Rock Creek (Campbell et al. 2001)

48.(1) adult November 24-26, 1998: Bruce McVicar: Sicamous (Shepard 1999b)

49.(1) adult female November 26-December 1, 1998: Pat McAllister: near Vernon, Lavington (Shepard 1999b)

50.(1) adult female December 1, 1998 -April 5, 1999: Heather Asplin, and other observers: Campbell River (Shepard 1999b, Shepard 1999c)

51.(1) winter plumage December 3-28, 1998: Mark Phinney, and other observers: Prince George (Shepard 1999b, Campbell et al. 2001)

52.(1) adult male December 6, 1998-January 16, 1999: Mary Peet-Leslie, mobs (photo) Blackie Spit, White Rock, Surrey (Shepard 1999b, Toochin 2012a)

53.(1) adult male December 9, 1998-April 10, 1999: Adelia & Bryan Lowrie, Margo Hearne, Peter Hamel: Port Clements, Haida Gwaii (Toochin and Cecile 2014b) [possibly Same bird as November 1 at Entry Pt.]

54.(1) adult December 20, 1998: Phil Jones: outside of Vernon, Lavington (different to earlier bird) (Shepard 1999b) 

55.(1) adult male December 26, 1998: Joyce Sinclair, and other observers: Head of the Lake, Vernon (Shepard 1999b)

56.(1) adult male January 30-February 15, 2000: N. Spicer, and other observers (photo) Burns Lake (Bain and Shannon 2000b)

57.(1) adult male January 20-April 14, 2001: Quentin Brown, and other observers (photo) 1961 Berkley Ave., North Vancouver (Cecile 2001a, Cecile 2001b, Toochin 2012a)

58.(1) adult male breeding plumage April 7, 2001: Rick Toochin, Jason Osterhold, Mitch Meredith: outside Kilby Provincial Park, near Harrison Mills (Toochin 2012c)

59.(1) adult breeding plumage May 23, 2003: Thor Manson: Greendale, Chilliwack (T. Manson Pers. Comm.)

60.(1) adult male November 20, 2003: Roger Burrows: 4140 Golf Drive, North Vancouver (Cecile 2004a, Toochin 2012a)

61.(1) female December 12, 2003-April 2, 2004: Janet & Michael Brown, Margo Hearne, Peter Hamel: Tlell, Haida Gwaii (Toochin and Cecile 2014b)

62.(1) fall plumage September 19, 2005: Will Lemon:  Norne Lake Road, near Big Qualicum River Hatchery (Toochin and Cecile 2014b) 

63.(1) winter plumage November 8, 2005: Adelia & Bryan Lowrie, Margo Hearne, Peter Hamel: Port Clements, Haida Gwaii (Toochin and Cecile 2014b)

     (2) winter plumage November 12, 2005: Adelia & Bryan Lowrie, Margo Hearne, Peter Hamel: Port Clements, Haida Gwaii (Toochin and Cecile 2014b)

     (3) winter plumage November 18, 2005-December 31, 2005: Adelia & Bryan Lowrie, Margo Hearne, Peter Hamel (photo) Port Clements, Haida Gwaii (Toochin and Cecile 2014b)

64.(1) winter plumage November 18, 2005: Al Grosvenor: Sandspit, Haida Gwaii (Toochin and Cecile 2014b)

65.(1) winter plumage December 3, 2005: Lorrie Joron (photo) 2043 Teal St., Masset, Haida Gwaii (Toochin and Cecile 2014b)

66.(1) winter plumage January 28-March 18, 2006: Georgia Darbyshire, and other observers (photo) Duncan (Cecile 2006b, Cecile 2006c)

67.(1) adult male March 16-18, 2006: Martin & Daphne Williams, Peter Hamel: 385 Eagle St., Masset, Haida Gwaii (Toochin and Cecile 2014b)

68.(1) adult late January-March 16, 2008: and other observers (photo) Prince Creek (Cecile 2008a)

69.(1) adult male March 10-16, 2008: Ruth Foster, and other observers (photo) 3712 Bedwell Bay Road, Belcarra (Toochin 2012a)

70.(1) winter plumage April 13-20, 2008: Brian Slater, and other observers (photo) Ucluelet (Cecile 2008a)

71.(2) m & f April 21, 2008: Peter Hamel (photos) Willows Golf Course, Sandspit, Haida Gwaii (Toochin and Cecile 2014b)

72.(1) adult male October 4-5, 2010: Stewart and Jess Marshall (photo) West Vancouver (Toochin 2012a)

73.(1) adult November 7, 2010: Russell Cannings, Jukka Jantunen, Cameron Eckert, Jess Findlay: Tlell, Haida Gwaii (Toochin and Cecile 2014b)

74.(1) female December 31, 2011-January 5, 2012: Ray Lapshinoff, and other observers (photo) Magnum Place, Saanich (Toochin and Cecile 2014b)

75.(2) winter plumage October 19, 2012: Ray Woods, Phil Cam, Mike Mulligan, Brian Elder (photo) Sandspit Airfield, Haida Gwaii (Toochin and Cecile 2014b)

76.(1) winter plumage October 21-22, 2012: Adelia & Bryan Lowrie, Martin Williams, Peter Hamel (photo) Port Clements, Haida Gwaii (Toochin and Cecile 2014b)

77.(1) winter plumage November 14-19, 2012: Peter Hamel, Margo Hearne (photo) Sandspit Airport, Haida Gwaii (Toochin and Cecile 2014b)

78.(1) winter plumage November 26-30, 2012: Al Ward: 1667 Delkatla, Masset, Haida Gwaii (Toochin and Cecile 2014b)

     (1) winter plumage December 1-2, 2012: M. Wins: 1696 Hodges St., Masset, Haida Gwaii (Toochin and Cecile 2014b) [same bird as above]     

79.(1) adult male December 16, 2012- January 10, 2013: Tom Lowery, Robin de Young, and other observers (photo) S5618 Nixon Road, Summerland (Toochin and Cecile 2014b)

80.(1) adult male December 17, 2012-March 20, 2013: Darlene Cancelliere, and other observers (photo) 407 Edward St., Revelstoke (Toochin and Cecile 2014b)

81.(1) adult male December 22, 2012-April 9, 2013: Tina Hurd, and other observers (photo) 868 W. 17th Ave, Vancouver (Toochin and Cecile 2014b)

82.(1) immature January 2-3, 2013: John & Louise Baumbrough: Old Kamloops Rd, Vernon (Toochin and Cecile 2014b)

83.(1) immature January 2-February 4, 2013: Peter Feichtner, and other observers (photo) #84 Kelly Rd., Gibsons (Toochin and Cecile 2014b)

84.(1) immature January 10-March 23, 2013: Mike Shepard (photo) near Cochrane St. & Forrester St., Victoria (Toochin and Cecile 2014b)

85.(1) male December 26, 2013: Rick Toochin, Martin Williams: Tlell, Haida Gwaii (Toochin and Cecile 2014b)

86.(1) female September 25-29, 2014: Keith Taylor,  and other observers (photo) Mt. Tolmie, Victoria (BC Bird Alert Blog: Accessed October 2, 2014)

87.(1) female September 30, 2014: James Bradley, Peter Hamel, Margo Hearne (photo) Sandspit Golfcourse, Haida Gwaii (P. Hamel Pers. Comm.)

88.(1) female October 11, 2014: Rick Toochin: Masset (R. Toochin Pers. Comm.)

       (1) female October 12, 2014: Rick Toochin, Mitch Meredith: Masset (R. Toochin Pers. Comm.)

       (1) [heard only] Rick Toochin, Mitch Meredith, Martin Williams, Peter Hamel: Delkatla Wildlife Sanctuary (R. Toochin Pers. Comm.)

89.(4) females/immatures October 15, 2014: Rick Toochin, Peter Hamel: Sandspit Golf Course (R. Toochin Pers. Comm.)

90.(1) adult male October 31-November 1, 2014: Barry Mathers,  and other observers (photo) Sandspit Golfcourse (R. Toochin Pers. Comm.)

91.(1) female December 24, 2014: Bryan Lowrie, Peter Hamel: Port Clements (P. Hamel Pers. Comm.)

92.(1) fall plumage male October 17, 2015: Carey Bergman: Sandspit (M. Hearne Pers. Comm.)

93.(1) immature/female September 26, 2015: Paul Baker: Cole Road, Sumas Prairie (P. Baker Pers. Comm.)

      (1) immature/female October 21, 2015: Rick Toochin: Cole Road, Sumas Prairie [same bird as above](R. Toochin Pers. Comm.)

94.(1) immature October 21, 2015: Carey Bergman: Honna Forest Service Road, Haida Gwaii (M. Hearne Pers. Comm.)

95.(2) immature females October 22-26, 2015: Peter Hamel, Margo Hearne (photo) Masset, Haida Gwaii (P. Hamel Pers. Comm.)

96.(1) winter plumage December 3-5, 2016: Daryl Henderson, and other observers (photo) 7th Ave., Pt. Alberni (D. Cecile Pers. Comm.)

97.(1) winter plumage November 24-26, 2017: Tim Walters (photo) Masset, Haida Gwaii (P. Hamel Pers. Comm.)

98.(1) adult male winter plumage December 21, 2017 – March 8, 2018: Tim Walters (photo) Masset, Haida Gwaii (P. Hamel Pers. Comm.)

99.(1) adult female winter plumage March 3, 2018: Peter Hamel, Margo Hearne (photo) Masset, Haida Gwaii (P. Hamel Pers. Comm.)

100.(1) winter plumage late December, 2018: fide Gord Gadsden: Mission area (D. Cecile Pers. Comm.)

101.(1) adult female March 16, 2019: Rick Toochin: Sumas Prairie (R. Toochin Pers. Comm.)

102.(1) female October 16- November 11, 2020: Al Grosvenor,  and other observers (photo) Pt. Clements (P. Hamel Pers. Comm.)

103.(1) female October 30- November 11, 2020: Al Grosvenor,  and other observers (photo) Pt. Clements (P. Hamel Pers. Comm.)

104.(1) female November 10, 2021-January 11, 2022: Darlene Cancelliere (photo) 407 Edward Street and immediate area, Revelstoke (D. Cecile Pers. Comm.)

105.(1) adult male December 23, 2021: Suzy Wright (photo) near Quesnel (D. Cecile Pers. Comm.)

106.(1) adult December 12, 2022: Teresa Bouchard: Powell River (D. Cecile Pers. Comm.)
107.(1) female December 10-11, 2023 & February 25, 2024: April MacLeod, mobs (photo) 72 Skeena Street, Kitimat (D. Cecile Pers. Comm.) 

108.(1) winter plumage male April 26, 2024: Leanne Davies (photo) Puntchesakut Lake near Quesnel (D. Cecile Pers. Comm.) 

109.(1) female/immature November 11-12, 2024: Emily Braan, mobs (photo) Bohler Road, Terrace (D. Cecile Pers. Comm.) 

110.(1) female/immature November 17, 2024: Derrick Marven (photo) 1800 block of Frances St., Duncan (D. Cecile Pers. Comm.)
111.(1) female/immature January 3-7, 2025: Tak and Mayumi Shibata, mobs (photo) Ferguson Road, Sea Island (D. Cecile Pers. Comm.)

We wish to thank Peter Hamel for giving us all the records for Haida Gwaii. We also wish to thank Barbara McKee for editing the manuscript. We also want to thank Tim Zurowski, Patrick Oswald, Darlene Cancelliere, Evelyn Whiteside and Greg Stuart for allowing us to use their photographs for this article. All photos are used with permission of the photographer and are fully protected by copyright law.

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